ex-pytype dev here - we knew this was coming and it's definitely the right thing to do, but it's still a little sad to see the end of an era. in particular, pytype's ability to do flow-based analysis across function boundaries (type checking calls to unannotated functions by symbolically executing the function body with the types of the call arguments) has not been implemented by any of the other checkers (again for good reasons; it's a performance hit and the world is moving towards annotations over pure inference anyway, but I still think it's a nice feature to have and makes for more powerful checking).
as an aside, while I agree that bytecode-based analysis has its drawbacks, I think it's a tool worth having in the overall python toolbox. I spun off pycnite from pytype in the hope that anyone else who wanted to experiment with it would have an easier time getting started - https://github.com/google/pycnite
I have recently jumped onto the "write python tooling in rust" bandwagon and might look into a rust reimplementation of pycnite at some point, because I still feel that bytecode analysis lets you reuse a lot of work the compiler has already done for you.
> I have recently jumped onto the "write python tooling in rust" bandwagon
I know Go and Rust are the belles du jour, but this kind of thing really hampers integrators' ability to support platforms other than x86-64 and armv8. In my particular case, it results in me being unable to build software that depends on pyca/cryptography on platforms like s390x, which makes me sad. It also makes development environment management, including CI/CD pipeline maintenance, that much more complicated. It was already bad enough when I was trying to compile binary distributions on Windows, and that was just with the Visual C++ toolchain mess that is the Microsoft development experience.
As Steve notes, Rust does support s390x. Even prior to shipping Rust code, we never tested or claimed to support s390x.
If there's genuine interest in more people supporting s390x in the open source world, folks will need to do the work to make it possible to build, test, and run CI on it. IBM recently contributed official PPC64le support to pyca/cryptography (by way of Github Actions runners so we could test and build in CI), and they've been responsive on weird platform issues we've hit (e.g., absl not support ppc64le on musl: https://github.com/pyca/infra/pull/710#issuecomment-31789057...). That level of commitment is what's really required to make a platform practical, treating "well, it's in C and every platform has a C compiler" as the sum total of support wasn't realistic.
On top of all this, pretty much everything depends on Python (even glibc's build system depends on it now), and Rust is relatively hard to bootstrap. So bootstrapping a usable Python on glibc could one day involve bootstrapping all the way up to Rust on musl (including e.g. llvm) just to get Python just to build the final system's libc.
please note that I am not talking about introducing rust into the python interpreter (where, I agree, bootstrapping concerns would make the gain in code maintainability not really worth it), but in writing developer tools that work with python in rust or a mix of rust and python rather than in pure python. these are tools that run on the developer's machine or on test/ci servers, not in the target environment.
I can sympathise with that, but to argue a bit for the other side, these tools are mainly intended to run on the developer's machine or in the CI pipeline. in both cases they overwhelmingly use architectures that rust supports, and in the case of CI surely it's easier to deploy a single rust binary than a python binary and all its library dependencies.
I used to be very much in the "write your language tools in the language and the community will contribute" camp, but astral has really shown what a big difference pure speed can make, and I now have more of a "write tools in rust and ideally make sure they also expose libraries that you can call from python" mindset.
because there is a ton of existing python code that people find a lot of value in, and that no one wants to abandon. the return on investment for making python better is insanely higher than that on porting hundreds of millions of lines of code to another language.
I used Pytype at Google years ago and while it's well written and the team was responsive, ultimately Python is not well suited for type checking Python. It's compute intensive.
I think the Ty people at Astral have the correct idea, and hope it'll work out.
To be fair, even if there is/were a team, I don’t know that writing a new backend from scratch would be a good use of their time. pytype apparently started before mypy or any of the other Python type checkers existed. [1] But at this point there’s mypy, pyright, pyre/pyrefly, Ty, and probably more I’m not thinking of. It sounds more useful to collaborate with one of those existing projects than to write yet another new type checker.
Especially when, in my experience, each checker produces slightly different results on the same code, effectively creating its own slightly different language dialect with the associated fragmentation cost. In theory that cost could be avoided through more rigorous standardization efforts to ensure all the checkers work exactly the same way. But that would also reduce the benefit of writing a new type checker, since there would be less room to innovate or differentiate.
there is a new python team, we met up with them at pycon and had some nice conversations. as a former pytype dev I will be the first to admit that maintaining it as a legacy project without the context of having developed it over the years would not have been a pleasant experience at all, but also pytype, while very powerful at what it did, definitely had some flaws that put it firmly in the last generation of type checkers.
the current generation (mostly ty and pyrefly right now, though major props to pyright for being ahead of the curve) is moving towards fast, incremental type checking with LSP integration, and pytype was never going to get there. it's fundamentally a slow, batch-based type checker, which will catch a lot of errors in your project, but which will never be usable as an incremental type checker within your ide. add that to the fact that it had a different philosophy of type checking from most of the other major checkers and you had users facing the issue that their code would be checked one way by pyright in the ide, and then a subtly different way by pytype in the CI pipeline.
I loved my time working on pytype, and I would like to see some of its features added to pyrefly, but it has definitely been superseded by now.
Wouldn't the other way around be easier for finding good tools? Figure out what matters to you, inspect if the project fulfills those needs and then go with it after making sure it works well for you.
> Wouldn't the other way around be easier for finding good tools?
I agree, and Pyrefly seemed good; I was just wondering why people don't mention it.
Thank you for the comparison thread and post, I've read it and found it useful! Thanks to that post I know ty has a "gradual typing" philosophy, which I disprefer.
The cost of your dogmatic preference is your Python experience being more miserable than it should be. Astral's ruff and uv are widely adopted for a good reason, and there is no reason to think that ty will come any different.
> What alternatives can I consider?
There are four Python static type checkers that can be considered: mypy and Pyright have been released to the community for a while and have well established user bases. Pyrefly, ty were announced recently at PyCon US 2025 and are in active development stage in the current time of August 2025 when this was written.
pytype had two features that made it uniquely suited to google's needs:
1. it had powerful type inference over partially or even completely unannotated code, which meant no one has to go back and annotate the very large pre-type-checking codebase.
2. it had a file-at-a-time architecture which was specifically meant to handle the large monorepo without trying to load an entire dependency tree into memory at once, while still doing cross-module analysis
there were a couple of attempts to get mypy running within google, but the impedance mismatch was just too great.
Google, Facebook, and Microsoft all maintain(ed) independent non-mypy typecheckers for internal and external uses that aren't served by mypy.
The various features mypy didn't support include speed, type inference/graduality, and partial checking in the presence of syntax errors (for linter/interactive usecases and code completion).
This would have been a fair point had Scala 3 supported Python's packages and was compatible with Python's tooling. At the very least until Mojo is mature and open-sourced, there are simply no alternatives to pouring time and effort into making Python a better language.
Pytype is used heavily inside Google so they bear the penalty likely more than you. Besides, py typing libraries is a dynamically changing landscape so it isn't anything out of the norm. Not everything is an abandoned project, and if anything Google abandons some projects well after the winners and losers are apparent eg Tensorflow.
Pytype was cool before Python type annotations became widespread. It seems to me like the industry is naturally moving toward native type annotations and linters and away from static analyzers like Pytype and mypy.
Well yes but with native annotations the linter you’re already using can do a lot of the type checking work so for many teams it’s not worth it to add Pytype or mypy
ex-pytype dev here - we knew this was coming and it's definitely the right thing to do, but it's still a little sad to see the end of an era. in particular, pytype's ability to do flow-based analysis across function boundaries (type checking calls to unannotated functions by symbolically executing the function body with the types of the call arguments) has not been implemented by any of the other checkers (again for good reasons; it's a performance hit and the world is moving towards annotations over pure inference anyway, but I still think it's a nice feature to have and makes for more powerful checking).
as an aside, while I agree that bytecode-based analysis has its drawbacks, I think it's a tool worth having in the overall python toolbox. I spun off pycnite from pytype in the hope that anyone else who wanted to experiment with it would have an easier time getting started - https://github.com/google/pycnite
I have recently jumped onto the "write python tooling in rust" bandwagon and might look into a rust reimplementation of pycnite at some point, because I still feel that bytecode analysis lets you reuse a lot of work the compiler has already done for you.
> while I agree that bytecode-based analysis has its drawbacks
abstract interpretation of the bytecode like y'all were doing is the only way to robustly do type inference in python.
> https://github.com/google/pycnite
there's also https://github.com/MatthieuDartiailh/bytecode which is a good collection
yeah, that's a really nice project too!
> I have recently jumped onto the "write python tooling in rust" bandwagon
I know Go and Rust are the belles du jour, but this kind of thing really hampers integrators' ability to support platforms other than x86-64 and armv8. In my particular case, it results in me being unable to build software that depends on pyca/cryptography on platforms like s390x, which makes me sad. It also makes development environment management, including CI/CD pipeline maintenance, that much more complicated. It was already bad enough when I was trying to compile binary distributions on Windows, and that was just with the Visual C++ toolchain mess that is the Microsoft development experience.
(pyca/cryptography dev here)
As Steve notes, Rust does support s390x. Even prior to shipping Rust code, we never tested or claimed to support s390x.
If there's genuine interest in more people supporting s390x in the open source world, folks will need to do the work to make it possible to build, test, and run CI on it. IBM recently contributed official PPC64le support to pyca/cryptography (by way of Github Actions runners so we could test and build in CI), and they've been responsive on weird platform issues we've hit (e.g., absl not support ppc64le on musl: https://github.com/pyca/infra/pull/710#issuecomment-31789057...). That level of commitment is what's really required to make a platform practical, treating "well, it's in C and every platform has a C compiler" as the sum total of support wasn't realistic.
Rust supports s390x. https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/rustc/platform-support/s390...
On top of all this, pretty much everything depends on Python (even glibc's build system depends on it now), and Rust is relatively hard to bootstrap. So bootstrapping a usable Python on glibc could one day involve bootstrapping all the way up to Rust on musl (including e.g. llvm) just to get Python just to build the final system's libc.
That doesn't feel great to me.
please note that I am not talking about introducing rust into the python interpreter (where, I agree, bootstrapping concerns would make the gain in code maintainability not really worth it), but in writing developer tools that work with python in rust or a mix of rust and python rather than in pure python. these are tools that run on the developer's machine or on test/ci servers, not in the target environment.
I can sympathise with that, but to argue a bit for the other side, these tools are mainly intended to run on the developer's machine or in the CI pipeline. in both cases they overwhelmingly use architectures that rust supports, and in the case of CI surely it's easier to deploy a single rust binary than a python binary and all its library dependencies.
I used to be very much in the "write your language tools in the language and the community will contribute" camp, but astral has really shown what a big difference pure speed can make, and I now have more of a "write tools in rust and ideally make sure they also expose libraries that you can call from python" mindset.
why not just go with a language that has gradual typing built in - eg raku
because there is a ton of existing python code that people find a lot of value in, and that no one wants to abandon. the return on investment for making python better is insanely higher than that on porting hundreds of millions of lines of code to another language.
I think this is for the best.
I used Pytype at Google years ago and while it's well written and the team was responsive, ultimately Python is not well suited for type checking Python. It's compute intensive.
I think the Ty people at Astral have the correct idea, and hope it'll work out.
https://docs.astral.sh/ty/
In theory, nothing prevents the pytype team at Google to develop a new backend in a different language.
In practice, there is no longer a pytype team at Google [https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40171125], which I suspect is the real reason for the discontinuation.
To be fair, even if there is/were a team, I don’t know that writing a new backend from scratch would be a good use of their time. pytype apparently started before mypy or any of the other Python type checkers existed. [1] But at this point there’s mypy, pyright, pyre/pyrefly, Ty, and probably more I’m not thinking of. It sounds more useful to collaborate with one of those existing projects than to write yet another new type checker.
Especially when, in my experience, each checker produces slightly different results on the same code, effectively creating its own slightly different language dialect with the associated fragmentation cost. In theory that cost could be avoided through more rigorous standardization efforts to ensure all the checkers work exactly the same way. But that would also reduce the benefit of writing a new type checker, since there would be less room to innovate or differentiate.
[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=19486938
there is a new python team, we met up with them at pycon and had some nice conversations. as a former pytype dev I will be the first to admit that maintaining it as a legacy project without the context of having developed it over the years would not have been a pleasant experience at all, but also pytype, while very powerful at what it did, definitely had some flaws that put it firmly in the last generation of type checkers.
the current generation (mostly ty and pyrefly right now, though major props to pyright for being ahead of the curve) is moving towards fast, incremental type checking with LSP integration, and pytype was never going to get there. it's fundamentally a slow, batch-based type checker, which will catch a lot of errors in your project, but which will never be usable as an incremental type checker within your ide. add that to the fact that it had a different philosophy of type checking from most of the other major checkers and you had users facing the issue that their code would be checked one way by pyright in the ide, and then a subtly different way by pytype in the CI pipeline.
I loved my time working on pytype, and I would like to see some of its features added to pyrefly, but it has definitely been superseded by now.
There is still a team within Google in charge of this space.
I've heard of `ty` too but recently I learned about Pyrefly, which is not in pre-production alpha, and is also Rust: https://pyrefly.org/
Is there a good reason to avoid using Pyrefly?
> Is there a good reason to avoid using Pyrefly?
Wouldn't the other way around be easier for finding good tools? Figure out what matters to you, inspect if the project fulfills those needs and then go with it after making sure it works well for you.
Regardless, a comparison between the two was posted to HN not too long time ago: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=44107655
> Wouldn't the other way around be easier for finding good tools?
I agree, and Pyrefly seemed good; I was just wondering why people don't mention it.
Thank you for the comparison thread and post, I've read it and found it useful! Thanks to that post I know ty has a "gradual typing" philosophy, which I disprefer.
https://github.com/facebook/pyrefly/releases
Pyrefly v0.29.0
Status : ALPHA
Hah, I stand corrected. In my defense, Ty make it a lot more obvious and ominous on their github (https://github.com/astral-sh/ty):
> /!\ Warning
> ty is in preview and is not ready for production use.
> We're working hard to make ty stable and feature-complete, but until then, expect to encounter bugs, missing features, and fatal errors.
I believe Pyrefly is stricter, so it may be a better choice for new projects but harder to integrate into existing ones without type-checking.
I have a medium-sized codebase that is all green when running mypy with the strictest configuration possible.
Pyrefly spits put around 200 errors for the same codebase.
Most errors are related to SQLAlchemy.
I mean, sqlalchemy until very recently needed a mypy plugin to type correctly (https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/orm/extensions/mypy.html), which was just deprecated in 2.0.0.
Perhaps you should do the upgrade (https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/20/changelog/whatsnew_20.html...) and try again?
I'm personally just staying away from startups anywhere in my dependencies.
The cost of your dogmatic preference is your Python experience being more miserable than it should be. Astral's ruff and uv are widely adopted for a good reason, and there is no reason to think that ty will come any different.
fwiw the original pytype team was laid off as part of laying off the Python team last year.
Google lays off its Python team | Hacker News https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=40171125
in the related FAQ https://github.com/google/pytype/issues/1925 they point explicitly to the future:
> What alternatives can I consider? There are four Python static type checkers that can be considered: mypy and Pyright have been released to the community for a while and have well established user bases. Pyrefly, ty were announced recently at PyCon US 2025 and are in active development stage in the current time of August 2025 when this was written.
mypy - https://github.com/python/mypy
Pyright - https://github.com/microsoft/pyright
Pyrefly - https://github.com/facebook/pyrefly
ty - https://github.com/astral-sh/ty
I'm surprised Google still maintained their own solution for this for so long. The standard for statically type checking Python nowadays is mypy.
Mypy is far too slow to type check a codebase like Google's. That's why Facebook, Google, and Microsoft have/had their own solutions.
pytype had two features that made it uniquely suited to google's needs:
1. it had powerful type inference over partially or even completely unannotated code, which meant no one has to go back and annotate the very large pre-type-checking codebase.
2. it had a file-at-a-time architecture which was specifically meant to handle the large monorepo without trying to load an entire dependency tree into memory at once, while still doing cross-module analysis
there were a couple of attempts to get mypy running within google, but the impedance mismatch was just too great.
Google, Facebook, and Microsoft all maintain(ed) independent non-mypy typecheckers for internal and external uses that aren't served by mypy.
The various features mypy didn't support include speed, type inference/graduality, and partial checking in the presence of syntax errors (for linter/interactive usecases and code completion).
Maybe they could do typechecking using an LLM agent? I'm sure they'd fund a team for that.
This is the way
Just let it interpret the python code /S
astral bags another one
Is ty more mature than pyright or mypy?
I'm currently using pyright, but I'm going to migrate once ty and its vscode extension are given the "production ready" greenlight.
at this stage I get very few false positives and it's so much easier to configure and use than pyright
ty still doesn't understand match + typing.assert_never pattern, last barrier for me to switching.
tl;dr please use pyright instead
Scala 3: exists, https://docs.scala-lang.org/scala3/book/scala-features.html
Developers: mypy, pyright, pyrefly, ty, pypy, nogil, faster-python, sub-interpreters, free-threading, asyncio, ...
This would have been a fair point had Scala 3 supported Python's packages and was compatible with Python's tooling. At the very least until Mojo is mature and open-sourced, there are simply no alternatives to pouring time and effort into making Python a better language.
Another abandoned project from Google? Not surprised. Never trust on Google.
Pytype is used heavily inside Google so they bear the penalty likely more than you. Besides, py typing libraries is a dynamically changing landscape so it isn't anything out of the norm. Not everything is an abandoned project, and if anything Google abandons some projects well after the winners and losers are apparent eg Tensorflow.
You have no ideia how many projects from them I used to use and from day to night they drop the development.
Google sucks.
DAE GOole killing another project?!!! (Apparently maintaining something completely free of charge for 13 years is not enough for online cannibals)
Pytype was cool before Python type annotations became widespread. It seems to me like the industry is naturally moving toward native type annotations and linters and away from static analyzers like Pytype and mypy.
Pytype and mypy check native annotations.
Well yes but with native annotations the linter you’re already using can do a lot of the type checking work so for many teams it’s not worth it to add Pytype or mypy